| CAS No.: | 868844-74-0 |
|---|---|
| Formula: | C41h70n16o16s |
| EINECS: | 868844-74-0 |
| Type: | Pharmaceutical Intermediates |
| Appearance: | Powder |
| Quality: | Technical |
| Customization: |
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Audited Supplier | cas | 330936-69-1 |
| Name | Humanin |
| Synonyms | 1-24-Protein humanin (human) |
| MF | C119H204N34O32S2 |
| Purity | 99% |
| Application | Humanin (HN) is a cytoprotective 24 amino acid peptide which was originally isolated from a cDNA library constructed from nervous tissue of a patient with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since then, it has been identified in different species such as mice, nematodes and rats (Niikura et al., 2004). The rat humanin homolog rattin (HNr) is a 38 amino acid peptide encoded and translated from an open reading frame (ORF) within the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene (Caricasole et al., 2002; Paharkova et al., 2015). Several studies have demonstrated that HN is a potent pro-survival factor for neurons exposed to multiple cell stressors, such as Aβ oligomers and over-expression of familial AD-related genes serum deprivation , stroke and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity. HN and its derivatives have also proven to be beneficial in ameliorating cognitive impairment induced by Aβ, muscarinic receptor antagonists and aging in rodents. Moreover, HN and HNr were reported to prevent Aβ-induced spatial learning and memory impairments in rats by a mechanism involving changes in long-term potentiation , synaptic protein expression, dendritic branch number and spine density in the hippocampus . It has been reported that HN exerts its neuroprotective action from the extracellular space through binding to a trimeric IL-6-receptor-related receptor(s) on the cell surface involving the receptor for ciliary neurotrophic factor α (CNTFR-α), WSX-1 and glycoprotein 130 kDa (gp130) subunits and further modulation of tyrosin kinase, ERK1/2, AkT, STAT3 and JNK signaling cascades. HN has been ubiquitously detected in different adult tissues with high metabolic rate, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and liver both in humans and in rodents. The mechanisms regulating HN expression are not fully elucidated. It has been shown that HN levels decrease with age in human and mice plasma as well as in the rat hypothalamus Also, there is a sexual dimorphism in the expression of HN in rat anterior pituitary cells, suggesting that sex hormones are involved in the regulation of HN biosynthesis in this gland In the brain, HN has been widely localized both in neurons and glial cells, albeit the former only in pathological conditions Thus, glial cells have been suggested to be the main production sites of this peptide in the brain in physiological conditions However, astroglial HN expression and release and the regulation of such processes by ovarian hormones have not been studied so far. |
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